Author: Pharmacist Rakesh Pandey

Eczema -What Dr Aman Aditya Pandey Says
January 30, 2025

Eczema -What Dr Aman Aditya Pandey Says

Post By Pharmacist Rakesh Pandey Disease ,

Dr Aman Aditya Pandey

The term eczema is derived from a Greek term meaning “to boil over.” It refers to a clinical and histologic cutaneous phenotype characterized by erythema, edema, and scaling, often accompanied by crusting and, in severe cases, blistering. The histologic hallmark of acute eczema is epidermal intercellular edema (i.e., spongiosis). Epidermal thickening is present in chronic eczema. A mixed perivascular inflammatory infiltrate is usually seen within the papillary dermis.

Rakesh Pandey Pharmacist Study

Different types of eczema can be defined by a spectrum of unifying clinical features. When an infant exhibits widespread eczema, a precise diagnosis sometimes requires a period of observation. Two eczematous conditions that manifest in otherwise healthy infants are seborrheic dermatitis and atopic dermatitis. These diseases differ in pathogenesis, distribution of skin involvement, prognosis, and therapeutic options. Infants with widespread eczema who are not otherwise healthy and those with prominent, erosive periorificial and diaper involvement should be evaluated for associated nutritional, metabolic, or immunologic abnormalities.

Eczema, or atopic dermatitis

Eczema, or atopic dermatitis, is the most common form of dermatitis.[1] Many factors, including genetic and environmental factors, are thought to play a part in the pathogenesis of eczema. It is most commonly seen in children but can be seen in adults as well. People with eczema tend to have dry, itchy skin prone to infection. The condition is commonly known as the “itch that rashes” because dry, itchy skin leads to a rash due to scratching or rubbing the skin.



Etiology

The exact etiology of eczema is not entirely understood, but it is believed to be a combination of genetic and environmental factors.[2]

Genetic Factors

There is a strong genetic component to eczema, with a family history of eczema, asthma, or allergies commonly found in affected individuals. Several genes associated with eczema have been identified, including those involved in the skin barrier function and the immune system.

Filaggrin Gene

One of the most well-known genes associated with eczema is the filaggrin gene (FLG). This gene provides instructions for making a protein called filaggrin, which is important in maintaining the skin barrier function. Mutations in this gene have been linked to eczema and other skin conditions and are thought to increase susceptibility to environmental irritants and allergens.[3] [4]

Other Skin Barrier Genes

In addition to the filaggrin gene, other genes involved in the skin barrier function have been implicated in the development of eczema. These include genes involved in lipid synthesis and transport, such as the ceramide synthase gene and the ABCA12 gene.[5]

Immune-related Genes

Several genes involved in the immune response have also been associated with eczema, including genes that regulate T-cells, cytokines, and immunoglobulins. These genes include interleukin (IL)-4, IL-13, IL-31, signal transducer and activator of transduction (STAT)3, and Fc fragment of immunoglobulin (Ig)E receptor Ig (FCER1G).

Overall, the genetic factors involved in eczema are complex and likely involve multiple genes and genetic pathways. Although genetic testing is not routinely used to diagnose eczema, understanding the disease’s genetic basis can help identify individuals at increased risk and guide treatment approaches.

Environmental Factors

Environmental factors also play a role in the development of eczema. Patients with eczema have a defect in their skin barrier function, leading to increased water loss and susceptibility to environmental irritants and allergens. Common triggers for eczema flares include exposure to irritants such as detergents, soaps, solvents, and allergens such as dust mites, pet dander, and certain foods. Other factors that can exacerbate eczema symptoms include stress, changes in temperature and humidity, and infections.

Immune System Activation

In addition to genetic and environmental factors, the immune system is also thought to play a role in the development of eczema. Patients with eczema have an overactive immune response to environmental triggers, leading to inflammation and skin damage.
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Epidemiology

The lifetime prevalence of eczema is about 15% to 30% in children and 2% to 10% in adults. About 60% of cases will develop the disease within the first year of life. The prevalence of eczema is more common in rural areas than in urban ones. This incidence emphasizes the link between lifestyle and environmental factors in the mechanisms of AD.

Eczema is part of the triad known as “the atopic march.” This relates to the association between patients with atopic dermatitis, asthma, and allergic rhinitis. About 50% of patients with severe eczema will develop asthma, and 75% will develop allergic rhinitis.[6]


Pathophysiology

Research shows there is a genetic component to eczema. One common mutation has been observed in FLG, a vital gene for skin cell maturity. This gene is responsible for creating the tough, flat corneocytes that form the outermost protective layer of skin. In a patient with normal skin cells, the corneocytes are tightly packed in an organized manner. A patient with an FLG mutation will have a dysfunctional skin barrier due to the hazardous organization of the skin cells.[7] This dysfunction causes a “leaky” skin barrier, allowing water loss and decreased protection from harmful substances.

People with eczema also have reduced numbers of β-defensins in the skin. β-defensins are host defense peptides vital for fighting off certain bacteria, viruses, and fungi. A decrease in these peptides leads to increased colonization and infection, especially with Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus).[8]


Histopathology

The histopathology seen in eczema is nonspecific. In the acute-phase lesions, characterized by intensely pruritic, erythematous papules, histopathology reveals mild epidermal hyperplasia, infiltrations of lymphocytes and macrophages along the venous plexus in the dermis, and intercellular edema of the epidermis (spongiosis).

Lesions biopsied in chronic eczema, characterized by lichenification and fibrotic papules, may reveal increased hyperplasia and hyperkeratosis of the skin. There is also persistent dermal inflammatory cell infiltration with lymphocytes and macrophages. The chronic phase lacks the edema or spongiosis that is present in acute-phase lesions.[9]


History and Physical

Acutely, the eczematous rash is intensely pruritic with erythematous papules and excoriations. With continued itching and rubbing, the skin starts to thicken; on physical exam, there may be lichenification (thickening of the skin with exaggeration of the typical skin markings due to scratching or rubbing).

The distribution of the rash varies depending on patient age. Infants tend to have widely distributed, dry, scaly, and erythematous patches with small excoriations. They also tend to have lesions on their face, especially the cheeks. With age, the rash becomes more localized; Areas affected include the extensor surfaces such as the wrists, elbows, ankles, and knees. School-aged children tend to follow the pattern seen in adults: the involvement of the flexural surfaces usually affects the anticubital and popliteal fossae.

In addition to a rash, other physical exam findings may indicate that a person has eczema. Examination of the face may reveal Dennie-Morgan lines. [10] These are crease-like wrinkles just below the lower eyelid. This exam finding can be seen in up to 25% of patients with eczema. People with eczema may have coexisting pityriasis alba and hypopigmented patches or fine scaling plaques, most commonly seen on the face. On examination of the hands, there may be an increased number and depth of skin lines known as hyperlinear palms. People who have eczema and allergic rhinitis may have a transverse crease formed across their nose. This line is called the “allergic salute” and is caused by habitually rubbing the nose in an upward direction.[11]


Evaluation

Diagnosis is typically clinical based on the appearance of the rash and the history given by the patient. Routine labwork is usually not indicated. If the diagnosis is unclear, allergy testing and patch testing may be performed.


Treatment/Management

The main management and treatment protocols for eczema include hydration and topical anti-inflammatory medications for flare-ups. The priority in treatment is focusing on a daily skin moisturizing regimen with a fragrance-free ointment with limited preservatives.[12] An ointment is preferred over a cream due to the higher proportion of oil to water in lotions. Patients and caregivers should also identify and address any triggers. They should be instructed to avoid any environmental allergens, harsh soaps, detergents, fragrances as well as rough or nonbreathable fabrics.

Skin flare-ups can be treated with topical anti-inflammatory medications, such as topical steroids or steroid-free products like pimecrolimus, tacrolimus, or Eucirsa. In children, itching tends to be worse at nighttime. Oral antihistamines can be used intermittently at bedtime for disturbed sleep due to itch; however, antihistamines are no longer recommended for daytime use for itching in eczema. Patients with poorly controlled eczema have a higher risk of cutaneous infections. Patients and caregivers may be instructed to take diluted bleach baths or intranasal mupirocin to decrease the number of cutaneous infections.[13]


Differential Diagnosis

The differential diagnosis for eczema includes many eczematous dermatitis, including:[14]

Contact dermatitis
Cutaneous fungal infections
Seborrheic dermatitis
Drug eruptions
Scabies
Psoriasis
Ectodermal dysplasia
Hyper-IgE syndrome
Netherton syndrome
Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome


Toxicity and Adverse Effect Management

It is crucial that patients and caregivers understand that the use of topical steroids should only be used for active lesions. Topical steroids can also be used prophylactically by applying them to the affected skin a few times a week to prevent flare-ups.

Topical steroids are not recommended for daily use, as long-term use can cause atrophy (thinning of the skin), stretch marks (striae), acne, telangiectasia (widened blood vessels), and rebound dermatitis or rosacea. The strength and formulation of the topical steroid need to be carefully determined based on the location of the body affected. Less potent steroids should be used on the face and intertriginous regions.


Prognosis

Most children will outgrow eczema, and their symptoms will be resolved by adulthood. However, children with the already persistent disease, later onset, or more severe disease have increased persistence.[15]


Complications

Due to the dysfunctional skin barrier seen in eczema, patients are at increased risk for infection from bacterial, viral, and fungal pathogens.[16] About 10% of healthy individuals are colonized with S. aureus compared with over 90% of patients with eczema.[17] The density of S. aureus colonization correlates with the severity of dermatitis.[18] Infection with S. aureus may cause furuncles, impetigo, or cellulitis. Patients with repeated bacterial infections may require treatment with diluted bleach baths and intranasal mupirocin to reduce the number of bacteria on their skin.

Patients with eczema are also more susceptible to viral infections. Eczema herpeticum is a life-threatening infection caused by herpes simplex virus-1. Patients present with widespread blisters, fever, and fatigue. The blisters appear in clusters and can cover a large body area. Eczema herpeticum is a medical emergency with complications including keratoconjunctivitis, meningitis, encephalitis, or secondary bacterial sepsis.[19]

Another life-threatening viral infection seen in patients with eczema is eczema cosackium.[16] Eczema coxsackie is a variant of hand, foot, and mouth disease classically associated with the enterovirus coxsackievirus A16. Instead of the typical presentation of blisters and erosions on the hands, feet, and hard palate, patients with eczema have widespread blisters and abrasions that tend to appear in regions previously affected by eczema. The rash can appear similar to eczema herpeticum. However, patients will lack fevers, decreased appetite, or fatigue. Parents may report a brief history of diarrhea or fever a week before the rash appears. Rare complications include aseptic meningitis.[20]


Deterrence and Patient Education

For patients with eczema, it is essential to determine what triggers the condition. Reduction or elimination of these triggers is an important step in treatment. Patients may see an improvement in their skin and reduced flare-ups if they avoid allergens (commonly dust mites, egg, peanuts, milk, fish, soy, rice, and wheat) and irritants (particularly chemicals, heat, soaps, humidity, acrylic , and wool).


Enhancing Healthcare Team Outcomes

Eczema is a common condition seen in pediatric and family medicine offices. Typically, patients with mild-to-moderate eczema can be treated in the office by their primary care provider with standard therapy. Patients with moderate-to-severe cases may require referral to dermatology for systemic treatments. If patients do not respond to typical treatment regimens, they may benefit from a consult with an allergist for a patch or skin scratch testing. An interprofessional team of a specialty-trained dermatology nurse and specialty-trained dermatology clinician will provide the best patient care.


References

1.
Kantor R, Thyssen JP, Paller AS, Silverberg JI. Atopic dermatitis, atopic eczema, or eczema? A systematic review, meta-analysis, and recommendation for uniform use of ‘atopic dermatitis’. Allergy. 2016 Oct;71(10):1480-5. [PMC free article] [PubMed]
2.
Brown SJ. Molecular mechanisms in atopic eczema: insights gained from genetic studies. J Pathol. 2017 Jan;241(2):140-145. [PubMed]
3.
Drislane C, Irvine AD. The role of filaggrin in atopic dermatitis and allergic disease. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2020 Jan;124(1):36-43. [PubMed]
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Rice NE, Patel BD, Lang IA, Kumari M, Frayling TM, Murray A, Melzer D. Filaggrin gene mutations are associated with asthma and eczema in later life. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2008 Oct;122(4):834-836. [PMC free article] [PubMed]
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Jungersted JM, Agner T. Eczema and ceramides: an update. Contact Dermatitis. 2013 Aug;69(2):65-71. [PubMed]
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Eichenfield LF, Tom WL, Chamlin SL, Feldman SR, Hanifin JM, Simpson EL, Berger TG, Bergman JN, Cohen DE, Cooper KD, Cordoro KM, Davis DM, Krol A, Margolis DJ, Paller AS, Schwarzenberger K, Silverman RA. , Williams HC, Elmets CA, Block J, Harrod CG, Smith Begolka W, Sidbury R. Guidelines of care for the management of atopic dermatitis: section 1. Diagnosis and assessment of atopic dermatitis. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2014 Feb;70(2):338-51. [PMC free article] [PubMed]
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Tsakok T, Woolf R, Smith CH, Weidinger S, Flohr C. Atopic dermatitis: the skin barrier and beyond. Br J Dermatol. 2019 Mar;180(3):464-474. [PubMed]
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Clausen ML, Edslev SM, Andersen PS, Clemmensen K, Krogfelt KA, Agner T. Staphylococcus aureus colonization in atopic eczema and its association with filaggrin gene mutations. Br J Dermatol. 2017 Nov;177(5):1394-1400. [PubMed]
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White CR. Histopathology of exogenous and systemic contact eczema. Semi ol. 1990 Sep;9(3):226-9. [PubMed]
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Dutta A, De A, Das S, Banerjee S, Kar C, Dhar S. A Cross-Sectional Evaluation of the Usefulness of the Minor Features of Hanifin and Rajka Diagnostic Criteria for the Diagnosis of Atopic Dermatitis in the Pediatric Population. Indian J Dermatol. 2021 Nov-Dec;66(6):583-590. [PMC free article] [PubMed]
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Mevorah B, Frenk E, Wietlisbach V, Carrel CF. Minor clinical features of atopic dermatitis. Evaluation of their diagnostic significance. Dermatologica. 1988;177(6):360-4. [PubMed]
12.
Kamińska E. [The role of emollients in atopic dermatitis in children]. Dev Period Med. 2018;22(4):396-403. [PMC free article] [PubMed]
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Siegfried EC, Hebert AA. Diagnosis of Atopic Dermatitis: Mimics, Overlaps, and Complications. J Clin Med. 2015 May 06;4(5):884-917. [PMC free article] [PubMed]
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Kim JP, Chao LX, Simpson EL, Silverberg JI. Persistence of atopic dermatitis (AD): A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2016 Oct;75(4):681-687.e11. [PMC free article] [PubMed]
15.
Ong PY, Leung DY. Bacterial and Viral Infections in Atopic Dermatitis: a Comprehensive Review. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol. 2016 Dec;51(3):329-337. [PubMed]
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Ong PY, Leung DY. The infectious aspects of atopic dermatitis. Immunol Allergy Clin North Am. 2010 Aug;30(3):309-21. [PMC free article] [PubMed]
17.
Gong JQ, Lin L, Lin T, Hao F, Zeng FQ, Bi ZG, Yi D, Zhao B. Skin colonization by Staphylococcus aureus in patients with eczema and atopic dermatitis and relevant combined topical therapy: a double-blind multicentre randomized controlled trial. . Br J Dermatol. 2006 Oct;155(4):680-7. [PubMed]
18.
Wetzel S, Wollenberg A. [Eczema herpeticatum]. High doctor. 2004 Jul;55(7):646-52. [PubMed]
19.
Nemeth V, Syed HA, Evans J. StatPearls [Internet]. StatPearls Publishing; Treasure Island (FL): Mar 1, 2024. [PubMed]

Disclosure: Valerie Nemeth declares no relevant financial relationships with ineligible companies.

Disclosure: Hasnain Syed declares no relevant financial relationships with ineligible companies.

Disclosure: Justin Evans declares no relevant financial relationships with ineligible companies.

Premenstrual syndrome (PMS)
January 29, 2025

Premenstrual syndrome (PMS)

Post By Pharmacist Rakesh Pandey Disease, Lifestyle ,

Overview

Premenstrual syndrome, commonly known as PMS is characterized by a set of physical, emotional, and behavioural symptoms that usually occurs a week or two before the menses.

The physical symptoms of PMS may include breast tenderness, bloating or heaviness in the abdomen, headache, constipation or diarrhea, acne, and muscle pains, while the emotional symptoms may present in the form of restlessness, anxiety, anger, irritability, cravings and mood swings.

While a combination of many factors like hormonal changes, chemical changes in the brain and lifestyle factors are considered to cause PMS, some factors that can increase the risk of PMS symptoms include being overweight or obese, smoking, personal or family history of depression or certain nutritional deficiency of vitamins and minerals.

Dr Aman Aditya Pandey Says

Lifestyle adjustments can help you reduce or manage the signs and symptoms of PMS. The conservative approaches such as exercise, yoga, and meditation, help in alleviating depressive symptoms. Also, your doctor can help you find ways to relieve your symptoms with the help of certain drugs.

Key Facts

Usually seen in

  • Women between 20 to 30 years of age

Gender affected

  • Women

Body part(s) involved

  • Uterus

Prevalence

  • Worldwide: 47.8% (2020)

Mimicking Conditions

  • Depression
  • Anxiety
  • Perimenopause
  • Chronic fatigue syndrome
  • Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)
  • Thyroid disease

Necessary health tests/imaging

  • Pelvic exam test
  • Patient record

Treatment

  • Painkillers: Ibuprofen, Naproxen & Aspirin
  • Antidepressants: Fluoxetine, Sertraline, Paroxetine &  Escitalopram
  • Birth control pills (oral contraceptives): Drospirenone &  Ethinyl estradiol
  • Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRh) agonists: Leuprolide & Goserelin acetate
  • Diuretics: Spironolactone

Specialists to consult

  • General physician
  • Gynecologist
  • Psychiatrist 
  • Counselor

Symptoms Of PMS


There are various physical and emotional symptoms associated with PMS. They can also vary from month to month and are sometimes so severe that they affect the daily lives of women. Symptoms usually peak two days before menstruation and disappear within four days of menstruation. Symptoms might include:

Physical symptoms

  • Change in appetite
  • Weight gain
  • Back pain
  • Headache
  • Swelling and tenderness of breasts
  • Constipation
  • Tiredness
  • Pain in the genital area (dyspareunia)
  • Nausea
  • Diarrhea
  • Bloating
  • Migraine
  • Drowsiness
  • Poor concentration
  • Insomnia
  • Increased nap-taking
  • Swelling of the hands and feet
  • Bodyache
  • Joint pain 
  • Lower tolerance for noise or light
  • Abdominal pain
  • Menstrual cramps

Worried about what’s to come after PMS? Here are 6 effective ways to manage period pain. Emotional symptoms

    Crying

    Mood swings

    Irritability

    Anger

    Feelings of tension

    Disinterest in daily activities

    Fatigue

    Feeling overwhelmed or out of control

In some women with PMS, severe, debilitating symptoms occur which can affect the daily routine activities of women, known as premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD). It causes extreme mood shifts such as:

    Severe depression

    Panic attacks

    Feelings of hopelessness

    Low self-esteem

    Anger and irritability

    Crying spells

    Suicidal thoughts

Did you know?

Symptoms of PMS are very similar to the symptoms of early pregnancy. Listen to our experts explain PMS better.

Causes Of PMS

The exact cause of PMS is not known. The hormone fluctuations may play a role in developing symptoms of PMS. Some women react more to these fluctuations than others, which can be linked to genetic factors or chemicals released in the brain. The following changes in the hormones that may cause PMS include:

1. Estrogen

The fluctuations in estrogen levels cause mood swings. Studies also suggest that a decreased amount of estrogen stimulates common symptoms of PMS such as insomnia, fatigue, and depression.

2. Progesterone

PMS is also influenced by the hormone progesterone. Low progesterone levels or progesterone levels falling too rapidly during the second half of the menstrual cycle can lead to PMS symptoms.

3. Serotonin

There is an increase in serotonin precursors between days 7 to 11 and 17 to 19 of the menstrual cycle. This rise in serotonin causes mood swings which is a significant symptom of PMS.

4. Prolactin

Women with PMS symptoms have high levels of prolactin, especially in the premenstrual time. Studies suggest that high prolactin levels clubbed with low levels of progesterone can lead to anxiety and depression.

Most of the women have a lot of questions about periods. And one of the most common ones is: Are my periods normal? Have a question about periods?

Risk Factors Of PMS

Though the exact cause of PMS is still unknown, there are an array of risk factors that are associated with PMS. They include:

1. Age

PMS is a disease that is linked with menstrual cycles, so it affects women after menarche (the first occurrence of menstruation) till menopause. It is mostly seen between mid 20s to late 30s.

There are several changes in the woman’s body as she turns 30. So let’s explore what 30s hav2. Lifestyle factors

There are various lifestyle factors that can increase the chances of PMS.

Diet: Excess intake of sugar, coffee, packaged and processed food is associated with an increased risk of PMS.

Sedentary lifestyle: Some studies also suggest the role of sedentary and inactive lifestyles in PMS.

Poor sleep quality: Inadequate and poor quality sleep predisposes women to PMS.

Trying to get good-quality sleep. Check out our widest range of sleep aid products to help you sleep better.e in store for every woman!

Erectile dysfunction
January 26, 2025

Erectile dysfunction

Post By Pharmacist Rakesh Pandey Disease

Understanding Erectile Dysfunction: A Guide for Adult Men

Erectile dysfunction (ED) is a condition that affects many men, yet it remains a topic shrouded in stigma and discomfort. Defined as the inability to achieve or maintain an erection sufficient for satisfactory sexual performance, ED can dramatically impact a man’s confidence, relationships, and overall quality of life. Understanding the causes, effects, and treatments available can empower men to take charge of their health and well-being.

Causes of Erectile Dysfunction

Erectile dysfunction is a multifaceted issue, often stemming from a combination of physical and psychological factors. On the physical side, common culprits include cardiovascular disease, diabetes, hypertension, and obesity. These conditions can impede blood flow, which is essential for achieving and sustaining an erection. Certain medications, particularly those for high blood pressure and depression, can also contribute to erectile problems.

On the psychological front, stress, anxiety, and depression can play a significant role. The pressure to perform sexually can create a vicious cycle; anxiety about potential failure may cause men to struggle with erections, leading to even more anxiety in the future. Relationship problems and past trauma can further exacerbate these issues.

Recognizing the Impact of ED

The implications of erectile dysfunction go beyond the physical. Many men experience feelings of embarrassment, inadequacy, and frustration, leading to a negative self-image. The impact can ripple into a man’s relationship with his partner, creating tension and dissatisfaction. Open communication is crucial; partners who discuss their feelings and concerns openly may mitigate some of the emotional strain associated with ED.

Seeking Help and Treatment Options

The first step towards overcoming erectile dysfunction is recognizing that it’s a common issue and, importantly, that it’s treatable. Men experiencing symptoms should consult a healthcare professional. This might involve a physical examination, discussing health history, and possibly undergoing tests to determine the underlying cause of the dysfunction.

Once a diagnosis is made, treatment options can vary widely based on the underlying causes. Medications like phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors (PDE5i), including Viagra, Cialis, and Levitra, are commonly prescribed and work by increasing blood flow to the penis during sexual arousal. These can be very effective, but they are not suitable for everyone, so professional guidance is essential.

In addition to medication, lifestyle changes can significantly improve erectile function. Regular exercise, a balanced diet, maintaining a healthy weight, and limiting alcohol and smoking can strengthen overall health and enhance erectile performance. Furthermore, psychological counseling may be beneficial for those whose ED has roots in anxiety or relationship issues.

Conclusion

Erectile dysfunction is a common yet often unspoken issue that can impact men of all ages. By acknowledging its prevalence and understanding the various causes and available treatments, men can break the cycle of stigma and fear. It’s essential to consult with a healthcare provider to explore individual cases and find an appropriate course of action. With the right support and resources, men can regain confidence and enjoy satisfying sexual lives, fostering improved relationships and emotional health. Remember, seeking help is the first step towards reclaiming your sexual health and well-being.

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Epilepsy
January 20, 2025

Epilepsy

Post By Pharmacist Rakesh Pandey Disease

Epilepsy is a chronic brain condition that causes seizures, which are brief episodes of abnormal electrical activity in the brain

Symptoms: 

  • Loss of consciousness
  • Loss of bladder or bowel control
  • Muscle jerks or convulsions
  • Changes in vision, hearing, taste, or smell
  • Temporary confusion
  • Auras, which can be a feeling, taste, smell, or visual sensation
  • Hallucinations
  • Faster heart rate or breathing

Causes: 

  • Imbalance of neurotransmitters
  • Tumors
  • Strokes
  • Brain damage from injury or illness
  • High or low blood sugar
  • Alcohol or drug withdrawal
  • Brain concussion

Treatment: 

  • Antiepileptic drugs (AEDs), also known as anticonvulsants
  • Diet
  • Surgical procedures

Diagnosis: Detailed clinical history, Physical examination, and Laboratory tests. 

Epilepsy is not contagious and can affect people of all ages, races, and ethnicities. It’s often lifelong, but can sometimes improve over time. 

Understanding Melasma Insights from Dr. Aman Aditya Pandey
January 20, 2025

Understanding Melasma: Insights from Dr. Aman Aditya Pandey

Post By Pharmacist Rakesh Pandey Disease ,

Melasma is a common skin condition that affects both men and women, though it is more prevalent in women, particularly during their reproductive years. Characterized by brown or gray-brown patches on the skin, melasma often appears on the face, especially on the cheeks, forehead, nose, and chin. Understanding this condition, including its causes, symptoms, and treatment options, can help individuals manage and reduce its impact on their lives.

What Causes Melasma?

According to Dr. Aman Aditya Pandey, melasma occurs when there is an overproduction of melanin, the pigment responsible for skin color. Various factors can trigger this change in pigmentation, with sun exposure being the most significant. UV radiation stimulates melanocytes in the skin, leading to dark patches over time. Other contributing factors include:

  1. Hormonal Changes: Fluctuations in hormones, particularly during pregnancy (often referred to as the “mask of pregnancy”), the use of oral contraceptives, or hormone replacement therapy, can lead to melasma development.
  2. Genetic Predisposition: There seems to be a hereditary component, as melasma can run in families.
  3. Certain Medications and Skin Care Products: Some medications, including those that increase sun sensitivity, can contribute to the development of melasma.
  4. Underlying Health Conditions: Conditions that affect hormonal balance or metabolism can also play a role.

Symptoms and Diagnosis

The primary symptom of melasma is the appearance of discolored patches on the skin. These patches can vary in size and may become darker with sun exposure. Diagnosis typically involves a clinical examination by a dermatologist, who may also use a Wood’s lamp or a skin biopsy to rule out other skin disorders.

Dr. Pandey emphasizes the importance of an accurate diagnosis, as melasma can sometimes be confused with other conditions like post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation. Understanding the specific type of melasma one has is crucial for effective treatment.

Treatment Options

Treatment for melasma can vary based on the severity of the condition and individual skin types. Dr. Pandey outlines several popular treatment strategies:

  1. Sun Protection: Preventive measures are vital. The daily application of a broad-spectrum sunscreen with high SPF can help prevent melasma from worsening due to sun exposure.
  2. Topical Treatments: Creams containing hydroquinone, tretinoin, or other skin-lightening agents can be effective in reducing pigmentation. However, these should be used under the guidance of a dermatologist, as they can have side effects.
  3. Chemical Peels and Laser Therapy: For more persistent cases, dermatological procedures such as chemical peels and laser therapy can be employed to target deeper layers of skin and promote a more even complexion.
  4. Lifestyle Modifications: Dr. Pandey recommends maintaining a consistent skincare routine, including gentle exfoliation and hydration, to help regulate skin health.

Conclusion

Melasma is more than just a cosmetic concern; it can affect self-esteem and mental well-being. Understanding its causes, coupled with proper diagnosis and treatment options, can empower individuals to manage their skin effectively. As always, it’s wise to consult a healthcare professional to determine the best course of action tailored to individual needs. With expert guidance from dermatologists like Dr. Aman Aditya Pandey, managing melasma is both achievable and sustainable, leading to healthier, more radiant skin.

Understanding Hypertension A Comprehensive Guide by Dr. Aman Aditya Pandey
January 20, 2025

Understanding Hypertension: A Comprehensive Guide by Dr. Aman Aditya Pandey

Post By Pharmacist Rakesh Pandey Disease ,

Hypertension, often called the “silent killer,” affects millions globally. According to the World Health Organization, an estimated 1.28 billion adults aged 30-79 have hypertension. This condition can lead to severe health issues, making early detection and management crucial.

Understanding Blood Pressure

Blood pressure measures the force of blood against artery walls. It’s expressed in two numbers: systolic (the pressure when the heart beats) over diastolic (the pressure when the heart rests between beats). For example, a reading of 120/80 mmHg indicates normal blood pressure.

Blood Pressure Ranges

Understanding categories of blood pressure helps identify hypertension stages as defined by reputable organizations like the American Heart Association:

  • Normal: Less than 120/80 mmHg
  • Elevated: 120-129/<80 mmHg
  • Hypertension Stage 1: 130-139/80-89 mmHg
  • Hypertension Stage 2: 140 or higher/90 or higher mmHg

Factors affecting blood pressure include age, genetics, lifestyle choices, and underlying health conditions.

Causes and Risk Factors of Hypertension

Primary Hypertension

Primary hypertension is linked to multiple factors without an identifiable cause. It affects nearly 90-95% of people with high blood pressure.

Secondary Hypertension

Secondary hypertension arises from conditions like kidney disease or sleep apnea. For instance, someone with untreated sleep apnea may experience elevated blood pressure due to disrupted sleep patterns.

Lifestyle Risk Factors

Certain lifestyle choices can increase the risk of hypertension:

  • Diet: High salt intake elevates blood pressure.
  • Physical Activity: Lack of exercise contributes to obesity, a risk factor for hypertension.
  • Stress: Chronic stress can negatively influence blood pressure.
  • Alcohol Consumption: Excessive drinking raises blood pressure levels.
  • Smoking: Chemicals from tobacco products can damage blood vessels.

Diagnosing and Managing Hypertension

Diagnostic Methods

Blood pressure is typically measured using an inflatable cuff connected to a pressure gauge. Besides this, doctors may recommend blood tests or an ECG for a comprehensive evaluation.

Treatment Strategies

Managing hypertension includes lifestyle modifications and medications:

  • Lifestyle Modifications:
    • Adopt a balanced diet, like the DASH (Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension) diet.
    • Engage in regular physical activity.
    • Practice stress management techniques such as yoga or meditation.
  • Medications: Various antihypertensive drugs, like diuretics or beta-blockers, may be prescribed. Each class comes with potential side effects, such as dizziness or fatigue.

Regular monitoring is key to managing blood pressure. Frequent doctor visits help track changes and adjust treatment plans as needed.

Complications of Uncontrolled Hypertension

Uncontrolled hypertension can lead to numerous complications:

Cardiovascular Diseases

Hypertension significantly increases the risk of heart disease, stroke, and heart failure. Statistics reveal that individuals with hypertension are four times more likely to experience these events compared to those with normal blood pressure.

Kidney Disease

High blood pressure can damage kidneys, leading to chronic kidney disease. Research indicates that approximately 30% of people with high blood pressure also develop kidney issues.

Other Complications

Hypertension can affect other areas, leading to:

  • Vision Problems: Damage to the blood vessels in the eyes can impair vision.
  • Cognitive Impairment: Research shows a connection between high blood pressure and cognitive decline.

Preventing and Living with Hypertension

Lifestyle Changes

Adopting healthy habits can make a difference:

  • Dietary Modifications: Focus on fruits, vegetables, and whole grains while reducing salt intake.
  • Regular Physical Activity: Aim for at least 150 minutes of moderate exercise weekly.
  • Stress Management: Engage in relaxation techniques like deep breathing, meditation, or hobbies you enjoy.

Medication Adherence

Following the prescribed medication regimen is vital. Many struggle with adherence due to side effects or forgetfulness. Finding a routine or using reminders can help.

Support and Resources

Support groups can provide encouragement for those living with hypertension. Websites like the American Heart Association offer valuable resources and guidance.

Conclusion: Taking Control of Your Blood Pressure

Understanding hypertension is the first step toward managing it effectively. Consistent monitoring and lifestyle choices play a crucial role in maintaining healthy blood pressure levels. Early detection lets individuals lead fulfilling lives while managing this condition successfully. Let’s take charge of our health and work towards a future free from the complications of hypertension.

Hair Loss Causes and Presentation
December 15, 2024

Hair Loss Causes and Presentation

Post By Pharmacist Rakesh Pandey Hair Care

It’s typical to lose some hair every day as part of your hair’s usual growth cycle. For most people, the lost hair grows back, and you maintain a full head of hair. But illness, hormonal changes, stress, aging and inherited conditions can interfere with your hair’s growth cycle. More hair falls out, but new strands don’t always grow back.

What is hair loss?

Most healthy people lose up to 100 strands of hair per day. As part of your hair’s growth cycle, new strands grow and take the place of the ones you shed.

When you start to shed more strands — and fewer or none grow back — the condition is considered alopecia (hair loss). There are several types of hair loss, and it can affect adults of any gender and even children. You may lose hair just on your head or from your body as well.

What are the types of hair loss?

Some types of hair loss are permanent, while others are temporary. The most common types of hair loss include:

    Androgenic alopecia: This type of hereditary baldness can affect anyone (male pattern baldness or hair loss in women).

    Alopecia areata: Alopecia areata is an autoimmune disease that results in hair loss from the head and body.

    Telogen effluvium: This type of hair loss involves rapid shedding of hair in a short amount of time. It typically happens a few months after your body goes through something physically or emotionally stressful. It can also result from sudden hormonal changes.

    Anagen effluvium: This very rapid hair loss occurs due to certain medical treatments, such as chemotherapy.

How common is hair loss?

Baldness (androgenic alopecia) is the most common type of hair loss. It affects an estimated 80 million individuals in the U.S.

Hair loss is one of the most common side effects of chemotherapy. Alopecia areata affects up to 6.8 million people in the U.S.

Symptoms and Causes

What causes hair loss?

Hair loss has many possible causes. The most common include:

    Hereditary hair loss from genetics (genes you inherit from your parents).

    Fungal infections on the scalp.

    Hairstyles that pull the hair tightly (such as braids, hair extensions or tight ponytails).

    Haircare that may cause damage due to processing (including perms and bleach).

    Hormonal changes (such as pregnancy, childbirth or menopause).

    Medical treatment (such as chemotherapy and certain medications).

    Nutritional deficiencies (especially not getting enough iron or protein).

    Stressful events (like having surgery or losing a loved one).

    Thyroid disease.

What are the symptoms of hair loss?

People experience hair loss in different ways, depending on the type of hair loss and what’s causing it. Common symptoms include:

    Receding hairline (typical of male pattern baldness).

    Thinning hair all over the head (typical of female pattern hair loss).

    Loss of small patches of hair on the scalp.

    Loss of hair on the scalp and body.

What are the complications of hair loss?

Losing your hair — whether the hair loss is temporary or permanent — can be emotionally difficult for many people. Some types of hair loss can eventually lead to baldness.

If you lose significant hair, it’s important to protect your scalp. Wear a hat, scarf or other head covering when you’re in the sun, and apply sunscreen daily. Sun exposure increases the risk of skin cancer.

Diagnosis and Tests

How is hair loss diagnosed?

In some cases, the cause of hair loss is obvious — for example, if you’re losing hair while going through chemotherapy. Other times, your healthcare provider will need to do some detective work to figure out what’s causing your hair loss.

To determine the correct diagnosis, your provider may:

    Ask about your family history, including if any relatives experienced hair loss and at what age.

    Look at your medical history.

    Order blood tests to measure thyroid function and iron levels.

    Examine your scalp for signs of infection.

    Take a scalp biopsy to check for skin disease.

Management and Treatment

How is hair loss treated?

If your hair loss results from medication, hormonal imbalances, thyroid disease or diet, your provider will address the cause. Correcting the underlying problem is often all that’s needed to help stop hair loss.

Most hair loss treatments are meant to help with androgenic alopecia (male and female pattern hair loss). These treatments include:

    Medication: Over-the-counter medications you apply to your scalp (such as minoxidil, or Rogaine®) are usually the first course of treatment for thinning hair. A prescription oral medication (finasteride, or Propecia®) is approved only for men with male pattern baldness.

    Hair transplant: During a hair transplant, your provider carefully removes strands of hair from an area of your scalp where the hair is thickest. The provider then transplants those strands, embedding them into your scalp where your hair is thinnest.

    Platelet-rich plasma (PRP): After drawing your blood, your provider separates out the plasma. They then inject this platelet-rich plasma into your scalp. PRP treatment can help slow hair loss and encourage new hair growth.

Prevention

How can I prevent hair loss?

You can’t prevent all types of hair loss, but you can take steps to help keep your hair healthy and minimize loss. To help prevent hair loss:

    Eat a healthy diet that includes enough calories, protein and iron.

    Find ways to cope with stress.

    Manage thyroid disease or other medical conditions that could result in hair loss.

    Avoid hairstyles that pull hair tightly.

    During chemotherapy treatment, try a cooling cap.

December 13, 2024

10% Discount Mamaearth Onion Hair Oil With Onion Oil And Redensyl 150Ml

Post By Pharmacist Rakesh Pandey Slider

Brand:Mamaearth

  • Mamaearth Onion Hair Oil
  • BOOSTS HAIR GROWTH : Onion Oil, in combination with Redensyl, reduces hair fall and promotes growth of lost hair.
  • ADDS STRENGTH & SHINE : Full of nature’s goodness, a blend of nourishing oils such as Sunflower Oil, Amla Oil, Hibiscus Oil, etc. makes hair strong from the inside & shinier on the outside.
  • NOURISHES SCALP : Bhringraj Oil is known to nourish the scalp. Rich in Vitamin D, Almond Oil provides nutrition to scalp, making hair healthier and stronger.
  • SAFE FOR CHEMICALLY TREATED HAIR : Made from all natural ingredients, the Hair Oil does not do any harm & is suitable for all hair types. It is safe for coloured or chemically treated hair.
  • NATURAL & TOXIN FREE : The Hair Oil is completely free of Sulfates, Paraben, SLS, Mineral Oil, Petroleum, Colors & Synthetic Fragrance

Mamaearth Onion Hair Oil Introducing your favorite Mamaearth Onion Hair Oil with a new & improved formula for even stronger, smoother, and shinier hair. With its lightweight and non-sticky formulation and oh-so-good fragrance, this natural and toxin-free hair loss oil helps you have stronger and healthier hair with the Goodness of Nature.
Onion hair oil, rich in Sulphur, Potassium & antioxidants, reduces hair fall & accelerates hair regrowth. One of the newest breakthrough ingredients in hair growth, Redensyl, unblocks hair follicles & also boosts new hair growth. Safe for colored & chemically treated hair, the onion oil is free of harmful chemicals & toxins such as Silicones, Parabens, Mineral Oil, and Dyes.
And because of our no toxins and no harmful chemicals philosophy, you won’t find any Silicones, Parabens, mineral oil & dyes in our organic onion hair oil.

December 13, 2024

High Quality Products

Post By Pharmacist Rakesh Pandey Slider

Short and Sweet:

  • “Quality you can trust, returns you can rely on.”
  • “High-quality products, hassle-free returns.”
  • “The best of both worlds: quality and convenience.”

More Detailed:

  • “Experience the difference: superior quality products backed by our industry-leading return policy. Your satisfaction is our priority.”
  • “Invest in the best. Our commitment to quality is matched only by our commitment to customer satisfaction. Enjoy peace of mind with our easy return process.”
  • “Don’t just take our word for it. Try our products risk-free. Our generous return policy ensures you’re always covered.”

Call to Action:

  • “Shop with confidence, knowing you have the best return policy in the industry.”
  • “Experience quality firsthand. Order now and take advantage of our hassle-free returns.”
  • “Upgrade your lifestyle. Explore our range of premium products and enjoy our unbeatable return policy.”

Remember to tailor these messages to your specific target audience and brand voice. You can use them in your marketing materials, social media posts, email campaigns, and website content.

Additional Tips:

  • Highlight the specifics of your return policy: Clearly communicate the return window, eligible items, and refund/exchange process.
  • Use customer testimonials: Share positive reviews from satisfied customers who have utilized your return policy.
  • Offer free returns: This can be a powerful incentive for customers to shop with you.
  • Make the return process as easy as possible: Provide clear instructions and pre-paid shipping labels.

By effectively communicating your commitment to quality and customer satisfaction, you can attract more customers and build a loyal following.

Tuhan-P Tablet
December 13, 2024

Tuhan-P Tablet

Post By Pharmacist Rakesh Pandey Slider

Description

Product introduction

Tuhan-P TabletTablet is a pain-relieving medicine. It is used to reduce pain and inflammation in conditions like rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, and osteoarthritis. It may also be used to relieve muscle pain, back pain, toothache, or pain in the ear and throat.

Tuhan-P Tablet Tablet should be taken with or without food. You should take it regularly as advised by your doctor. Your doctor may change the dose and time between doses according to your pain level and your needs. Do not take more or use it for a longer duration than recommended by your doctor.

Some of the common side effects of this medicine include nausea, vomiting, stomach pain, heartburn, and diarrhea. If any of these side effects bother you or do not go away with time, you should let your doctor know. Your doctor may help you with ways to reduce or prevent these side effects by prescribing an alternative medicine or adjusting the dose.
Tuhan-P Tablet Tablet may not be suitable for everybody. Before taking it, let your doctor know if you have any problems with your heart, kidneys, liver, or have stomach ulcers. To make sure it is safe for you, let your doctor know about all the other medicines you are taking. Pregnant and breastfeeding mothers should first consult their doctors before using Tuhan P Tablet.